musingstudio

This is one of a series of posts on C++17 features – see also previous post on if initialisers.

Structured bindings are a convenient way of handling multiple return values from functions. Whilst F# has been able to do this:

let f() = 42, "Hello, World" // return a pair of values
let a, b = f() // assign a and b to the values returned by f

in C++, we’ve had to declare the variables up front and use std::tie to assign values (so not only does this take more lines, we also have to default initialise the variables then throw away the defaults).

auto t = std::make_tuple( 42, "Hello, World" );
int a, b;
std::tie( a, b ) = t;

The new structured bindings are much more concise, even if the use of square brackets came as a surprise. Even better, you can use structured bindings with structs and std::array.

int my_int{ 42 };
std::string my_string{ "Hello, World" };
bool my_bool{ true };

auto return_pair()
{
    return std::make_pair( my_int, my_string );
}

auto return_tuple()
{
    return std::make_tuple( my_int, my_string, my_bool );
}

struct MyStruct
{
    int a;
    double b;
    int c;
    
    static MyStruct Expected;
};

MyStruct MyStruct::Expected = { 1, 2.2, 3 };

auto return_struct()
{
    return MyStruct::Expected;
}

auto return_array()
{
    return std::array<int,3>{ 1, 2, 3 };
}

auto return_map()
{
    return std::map<int, std::string>{ {1, "a"}, {2, "b"}, {3, "c"} };
}

TEST( Cpp17, structured_bindings_for_pair )
{
    auto [i, s] = return_pair();
    
    EXPECT_EQ( my_int, i );
    EXPECT_EQ( my_string, s );
}

TEST( Cpp17, structured_bindings_for_tuple )
{
    auto [i, s, b] = return_tuple();
    
    EXPECT_EQ( my_int, i );
    EXPECT_EQ( my_string, s );
    EXPECT_EQ( my_bool, b );
}

TEST( Cpp17, structured_bindings_for_struct )
{
    auto [i1, d, i2] = return_struct();
    
    EXPECT_EQ( MyStruct::Expected.a, i1 );
    EXPECT_EQ( MyStruct::Expected.b, d );
    EXPECT_EQ( MyStruct::Expected.c, i2 );
}

TEST( Cpp17, structured_bindings_for_array )
{
    auto [i1, i2, i3] = return_array();
    
    EXPECT_EQ( 1, i1 );
    EXPECT_EQ( 2, i2 );
    EXPECT_EQ( 3, i3 );
}

TEST( Cpp17, structured_bindings_for_iterating_over_map )
{
    for ( const auto& [key,value] : return_map() )
    {
        switch (key)
        {
            case 1: EXPECT_EQ( "a", value ); break;
            case 2: EXPECT_EQ( "b", value ); break;
            case 3: EXPECT_EQ( "c", value ); break;
            default: break;            
        };
    }
}

For me, the best examples come when combining features – the range-based for loop with structured bindings is a thing of beauty.

See also next C++17 post.

I attended a C++17 presentation by Nicolai Josuttis last year, but at the time, my laptop’s compiler didn’t support any of the features to try them out. After a recent update, it turns out that many are now supported, so I’ve written a few unit tests using GTest.

The first feature I tried was the if initialiser. This feature looks a bit odd at first, because C++ programmers are so conditioned to seeing if statements containing a single condition. Allowing an initialiser statement as well

if ( initialiser; condition )

means that you can initialise a variable and test it on the same line. It also prevents the variable being used outside the scope of the if statement – this prevents accidental re-use if you subsequently mis-type a variable name.

auto return_int()
{
   return 101;
}

TEST( Cpp17, if_initialiser )
{
    // NB we can use i in the body of the if or the else
    // Also, must have a variable name for the object to live in the whole statement
    // (so must name locks taken, even if not used in the body, otherwise it's a temporary).
    if ( auto i = return_int(); i < 100 )
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE( i < 100 );
    }
    else
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE( i >= 100 );
    }
}

TEST( Cpp17, if_initialiser_with_map_insert)
{
    std::map<int, std::string> my_map{ {42, "Hi" } };
    
    if ( auto[it, inserted] = my_map.insert( std::make_pair(42, "Bye" ) ); !inserted )
    {
        // See also StructuredBindings for iterating over a map
        auto& [key,value] = *it; // iterator is pair of key and value
        EXPECT_EQ( 42, key );
        EXPECT_EQ( "Hi", value );
        
        value = "Bye"; // update the value
        EXPECT_EQ( "Bye", my_map[42] );
        
        // key = 43; // compile error! - cannot assign to const key-type
    }
}

See also next post on C++17 Structured Bindings.